Each figure is divided intomoods, according to what are called the quantity and quality of the propositions, that is, according as they are universal or particular, affirmative or negative. The following are examples of all the legitimate moods, that is, all those in which the conclusion correctly follows from the premises. A is the minor term, C the major, B the middle term. It is evident that Berkeley here confounded samenessnumero with sameness specie, that is, with exact resemblance, and assumed the former where there was only the latter; not perceiving that when we say we have the same thought to-day which we had yesterday, we do not mean the same individual thought, but a thought exactly similar: as we say that we have the same illness which we had last year, meaning only the same sort of illness. Damn it,I should have picked up! There are a few exceptions; for there are some properties of objects which seem to be purely preventive; as the property of opaque bodies, by which they intercept the passage of light. This, as far as we are able to understand it, appears an instance not of one cause counteracting another by the same law whereby it produces its own effects, but of an agency which manifests itself in no other way than in defeating the effects of another agency. If we knew on what other relations to light, or on what peculiarities of structure, opacity depends, we might find that this is only an apparent, not a real, exception to the general proposition in the text. In any case it needs not affect the practical application. The formula which includes all the negative conditions of an effect in the single one of the absence of counteracting causes, is not violated by such cases as this; though, if all counteracting agencies were of this description, there would be no purpose served by employing the formula. They think Im nuts. But the trouble with so damn many of the Eastern men that come out here and try to crack up a set-up is that they think the Eastern way. It don’t work out against a Western proposition. That’s why I get away with the things I do; I get results every now and then. It suddenly occurs to me that perhaps Annieherselfis a secret agent! I was looking this all over and wondering if anybody could get the real western feeling from a spot like that, when somebody came up from behind me and smacked me on the back and said: My sister Annie has told me at least a hundred times that she can recall her entire life as if it is on a loop of film. She can play the loop backward or forward, stopping it on any frame she wishes, calling up memories at will. Shes not here, she says. What’d you say to her? Hes a smart egg, Shean! He’s made money when there’s been others starved. He’ll shoot all angles. He could hear the sound of chimes. Of Empirical Laws. The two kinds of considerations above adduced are a sufficient refutation of the popular error, that speculations on society and government, as resting on merely probable evidence, must be inferior in certainty and scientific accuracy to the conclusions of what are called the exact sciences, and less to be relied on in practice. There are reasons enough why the moral sciences must remain inferior to at least the more perfect of the physical; why the laws of their more complicated phenomena can not be so completely deciphered, nor the phenomena predicted with the same degree of assurance. But though we can not attain to so many truths, there is no reason that those we can attain should deserve less reliance, or have less of a scientific character. Of this topic, however, I shall treat more systematically in the concluding Book, to which place any further consideration of it must be deferred. He barely seems to tolerate me, growls and shows his teeth and is developing a positively vicious streak. He snaps at people when they speak to him or try to pet him. If I hadnt jerked back hard on the leash he’d have had me in a couple of suits for damages by this time. § 6. It remains to examine the bearing of the doctrine of chances onthe peculiar problem which occupied us in the preceding chapter, namely, how to distinguish coincidences which are casual from those which are the result of law; from those in which the facts which accompany or follow one another are somehow connected through causation. Rob Trenton tried to find some clue to Lindas feeling — and tried in vain. He felt certain she hadn’t invited him to come along on the trip simply for the purpose of sharing expenses. On the ship he had been drawn to her as by a magnet. So had a dozen other young men, of course, yet Rob felt she had been particularly interested in himand in his theories of animal training. And she certainly must have hunted him up there at the Café de la Paix with a definite purpose in mind. Yet as time passed, Rob was forced to admit to himself that Linda Carroll became even more mysterious than ever. § 8. It continually happens that several different phenomena, which are not in the slightest degree dependent or conditional on one another, are found all to depend, as the phrase is, on one and the same agent; in other words, one and the same phenomenon is seen to be followed by severalsorts ofeffects quite heterogeneous, but which go on simultaneously one with another; provided, of course, that all other conditions requisite for each of them also exist. Thus, the sun produces the celestial motions; it produces daylight, and it produces heat. The earth causes the fall of heavy bodies, and it also, in its capacity of a great magnet, causes the phenomena of the magnetic needle. A crystal of galena causes the sensations of hardness, of weight, of cubical form, of gray color, and many others between which we can trace no interdependence. The purpose to which the phraseology of Properties and Powers is specially adapted, is the expression of this sort of cases. When the same phenomenon is followed (either subject or not to the presence of other conditions) by effects of different and dissimilar orders, it is usual to say that each different sort of effect is produced by a different property of the cause. Thus we distinguish the attractive or gravitative property of the earth, and its magnetic property: the gravitative, luminiferous, and calorific properties of the sun: the color, shape, weight, and hardness of a crystal. These are mere phrases, which explain nothing, and addnothing to our knowledge of the subject; but, considered as abstract names denoting the connection between the different effects produced and the object which produces them, they are a very powerful instrument of abridgment, and of that acceleration of the process of thought which abridgment accomplishes. may be reduced as follows. The proposition, No C is B, being a universal negative, admits of simple conversion, and may be changed into No B is C, which, as we showed, is the very same assertion in other words—the same fact differently expressed. This transformation having been effected, the argument assumes the following form: Dr. Dixon nodded thoughtfully. He seemed to be putting in a great deal of time these days sizing up young Rob Trenton, and was quite obviously interested not only in Trentons ideas, but in his experiences..